the concept of the coronary circulation

These important observations were not known in Europe until 300 years later when Andrea Alpago of Belluno translated some of Ibn Al-Nafis’ writings into Latin in 1547 5. Later, Michael Servetus described the pulmonary circulation in his theological book, "Christianismi Restitutio", in 1553 and wrote, 

"...air mixed with blood is sent from the lungs to the heart through the arterial vein; therefore, the mixture is made in the lungs. The bright color is given to the sanguine spirit by the lungs, not by the heart." 6.  

It is worth mentioning that the Church accused Servetus of heresy for opposing the teachings of Galen, and was consequently -with his book -burnt at the stake. Andreas Vesalius described the pulmonary circulation in his book "De Fabrica", in a manner similar to Ibn Nafis' description. An interesting observation is that in the first edition of the book (1543), Vesalius agreed with Galen that the blood "... soaks plentifully through the septum from the right ventricle into the left...” Then in the second edition (1555) he omitted the above statement and wrote instead..."I still do not see how even the smallest quantity of blood can be transfused through the substance of the septum from the right ventricle to the left..." 5. Another similar description was given by Realdus Colombo in 1559 in his book "De re Anatomica" 6.

Then it was William Harvey who, in 1628, demonstrated by direct anatomic observation in laboratory animals the movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lung and then observed the blood returning to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary vein and again he stated that he could not find any pores in the interventricular septum. He wrote in his monograph, "Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus": 

"I began to think there was a sort of motion as in a circle. I afterwards found true, that the blood is pushed by the beat of the left ventricle and distributed through the arteries to the whole body and back through the veins to the vena cava and then returned to the right auricle, just as it is sent to the lungs through the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle and returned from the lungs through the pulmonary vein to the left ventricle, as previously described." 6 However, he did not understand the physiology of the pulmonary circulation (dissipation of carbon dioxide and replacement with oxygen), which was fully elucidated by Lavoisier in the 18th century 3.

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