no visible nor invisible holes in the interventricular septum

Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980-1037A.D.) wrote in his book The Canon, a detailed description of the pulse, characteristics, and variation in health and disease. He was considered the successor of Galen, and he kept that position for 500 years. He devoted a large portion of his work to the study of the pulse. He described more than 50 identifiable pulses. Avicenna wrote in The Canon:

The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries . . . which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction7. 

He also referred to the pulse in his Arabic poetry: “Differences in pulsation mean illness and causation”. The Arabs referred to Galen as “THE PHYSICIAN”. His teaching was highly wrong. There were no visible nor invisible holes in the interventricular septum” 11.

Ibn Al Nafis said that blood from right heart cavity goes to the lung through the Arterialized Vein (Pulmonary Artery). In the lungs the blood divides into two: thin blood filters through pores of the arterialized vein (pulmonary Artery) and thick blood remains in the lung for its nutrition. The thin blood mixes with the air that comes from the trachea and enters the vein-like artery (pulmonary veins) through its wall. The thin blood mixed with air, reach the left heart cavity, the center where vital spirit form. The spirit moves from the left heart cavity to the aorta and the rest of the arteries to the tissues.

So Ibn Al-Nafis suggested that blood moves from Arteries to Veins across the wall inside the lungs, but his student, Ibn Al Quff, explained later in his book kitab al-omda fi sina’at altib, i.e., basic works concerning the art of surgery12, and proposed the existence of capillaries. This was not actually confirmed until the era of the microscope when Malphighi saw the capillaries in 1661.



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