Islamic medicine was a genre of medical writing that was influenced by several different medical systems. The works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Soranus, Celsus and Galen had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine.[126][127][128]
Muslim physicians made many significant contributions to medicine in the fields of anatomy, experimental medicine, ophthalmology, pathology, the pharmaceutical sciences, physiology, surgery, etc. They also set up some of the earliest dedicated hospitals,[129] including the first medical schools[130] and psychiatric hospitals.[131] Al-Kindi wrote the De Gradibus, in which he first demonstrated the application of quantification and mathematics to medicine and pharmacology, such as a mathematical scale to quantify the strength of drugs and the determination in advance of the most critical days of a patient's illness.[132] Al-Razi (Rhazes) discovered measles and smallpox, and in his Doubts about Galen, proved Galen's humorism false.
Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis) helped lay the foudations for modern surgery,[133] with his Kitab al-Tasrif, in which he invented numerous surgical instruments,[134] including the surgical uses of catgut, the ligature, surgical needle, retractor, and surgical rod.[66]
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) helped lay the foundations for modern medicine,[135] with The Canon of Medicine, which was responsible for the discovery of contagious disease, introduction of quarantine to limit their spread, introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials,[136] randomized controlled trials,[137][138] efficacy tests,[139][140] and clinical pharmacology,[141] the first descriptions on bacteria and viral organisms,[142] distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy, contagious nature of tuberculosis, distribution of diseases by water and soil, skin troubles, sexually transmitted diseases, perversions, nervous ailments,[129] use of ice to treat fevers, and separation of medicine from pharmacology.[134]
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) was the earliest known experimental surgeon.[143] In the 12th century, he was responsible for introducing the experimental method into surgery, as he was the first to employ animal testing in order to experiment with surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.[144] He also performed the first dissections and postmortem autopsies on humans as well as animals.[145]
Ibn al-Nafis laid the foundations for circulatory physiology,[146] as he was the first to describe the pulmonary circulation[147] and coronary circulation,[148][149] which form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is considered "the greatest physiologist of the Middle Ages."[150] He also described the earliest concept of metabolism,[151] and developed new systems of physiology and psychology to replace the Avicennian and Galenic systems, while discrediting many of their erroneous theories on humorism, pulsation,[152] bones, muscles, intestines, sensory organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, etc.[153]
Ibn al-Lubudi rejected the theory of humorism, and discovered that the body and its preservation depend exclusively upon blood, women cannot produce sperm, the movement of arteries are not dependent upon the movement of the heart, the heart is the first organ to form in a fetus' body, and the bones forming the skull can grow into tumors.
Ibn Khatima and Ibn al-Khatib discovered that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms which enter the human body.[154] Mansur ibn Ilyas drew comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems.[3]
sumber dari: wikipedia.unicefuganda.org
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